What is a semen test?
A semen test, also called a semen analysis, is a laboratory test performed to evaluate male fertility. It examines the quantity and quality of semen and sperm, including sperm count, motility (movement), shape, and other factors that play a role in conception.
Doctors often recommend semen testing for couples struggling with infertility or when assessing the success of a sterilization procedure.
Why is a semen test done?
Semen analysis is done for the following reasons:
- Check male fertility
- Evaluate sperm count, motility and morphology.
- Diagnose the causes of infertility in couples
- Verify the success of the sterilization
- Detection of infections or reproductive system disorders
Normal range of semen test (World Health Organization guidelines)
| Parameters | General category |
| semen volume | 1.5 ml or more |
| sperm count | 15 million per milliliter or more |
| Total mobility | 40% or more |
| Progressive mobility | 32% or more |
| General morphology | 4% or more |
| pH level | 7.2 – 8.0 |
| White blood cells | very little or none at all |
How is a semen test done?
Sample collection – A semen sample is usually collected through masturbation into a sterile container in the laboratory. Sometimes, home collection is permitted, but the sample must be collected within 30–60 minutes.
Laboratory tests – The sample is analyzed under a microscope to check for:
- Sperm count (number of sperm cells)
- Mobility (ability to move)
- Morphology (shape and structure)
- Semen volume, pH, and viscosity
Interpreting the results – The doctor reviews the report and may suggest further tests if abnormal values are found.
What do abnormalities in a semen test indicate?
- Low sperm count : This may be a sign of infertility, hormonal imbalance, or testicular problems.
- Low sperm motility : This reduces the chances of sperm reaching the egg.
- Abnormal morphology : Irregular shape affects fertilization ability.
- Low semen volume : This may be a sign of blocked ducts or prostate problems.
Cost of semen test
Semen testing is affordable. In India, it typically costs between ₹300 and ₹800, while globally, it can cost anywhere from $20 to $50, depending on the laboratory.
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Conclusion
A semen test is one of the most important tests to assess male fertility. It helps doctors diagnose infertility and fertility problems. If the results are abnormal, advanced treatments such as IUI, IVF, or lifestyle changes may be recommended.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
No, fasting is not necessary. However, men are advised to abstain from ejaculation for 2-7 days before the test.
Yes, semen analysis provides essential information about sperm health and may indicate infertility issues, but further tests may be needed.
Semen collection takes a few minutes, and laboratory reports are usually available within 24 hours.
Yes. Smoking, alcohol, stress, poor diet, and lack of exercise can negatively impact semen quality.